Final work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Final work - Assignment Example Underwriting of the common stock will provide a clear insurance issued by the underwriter to Khan Unlimited that the common stock offered to the public and shareholders will be subscribed in a full amount. Underwriting is also a perfect option since it ensures that Khan Unlimited in case the common stock offered by the company are not subscribed by public to the degree, the share balance will be taken by the company. Additionally, the alternative is perfect since, the underwriter will have a lower net worth and the total obligation of the writer will not exceed 20 times the net worth of the underwriter. Consequently, the company chose the option since the alternative will undertake in guaranteeing the whole or section of the issued common stock as the public will not take the common stock. Therefore, the company will be relieved from the pressure of security marketing and market uncertainty. The underwriting option will help Khan Unlimited to fulfill the statutory guidelines of reduc ed subscription. The underwriting alternative guarantees the capital adequacy and helps the organization to raise capital. Subsequently, most investors believe in issuing securities when guaranteed by established underwriters. The underwriting will assure that there is quick sale of common stocks in the market. The underwriter will stimulate the industrial development and subsequently create opportunities in the nation. This option relieves the organization the uncertainty and risk of marketing the common stock. The underwriters have a specialized knowledge in the market. The underwriters offer valuable advice to Khan Unlimited when preparing the prospectus, floatation time, and security prices. The experts also offer publicity services to the organization which they are in agreement with. This option also assists in financing the new enterprise and expanding the existing projects. Khan Unlimited used this alternative in building the confidence of investors when

Popular Music in the Making of Modern Brazil Essay Example for Free

Popular Music in the Making of Modern Brazil Essay Bryan McCann’s book â€Å"Hello, Hello Brazil† colorfully discussed the fascinating world on the development of the Brazilian music industry, the customs and the traditions of the population and the political standing that has influenced the Brazilian culture as a whole. The rapid acceptance of the cultural and political changes that has taken Brazil by storm has turned this nation to become one of the admired Latin American countries with the advancement of their musical industry. From the 1930s to the 1940s, the Brazilians have embarked on a cultural marketplace of recording and broadcasting that was influenced by Getulio Vargas, the politician from Rio Grande do Sul who was known for his dramatic and uneventful style of political agenda. In 1926, Getulio Vargas, a young congressman proposes that movie theaters and radio stations must grant royalties to the musicians for the recorded music they played. The â€Å"Getulio Vargas Law† suddenly became the congressman’s powerful means of endearing himself with the people of the music industry. The Brazilians love music and anyone in his power who protect and pursue the industry will be adored by the people. From then on, the music became livelier and the radio turned to be the most important tool for commercial broadcasting. Suddenly the seemingly boring stage of Brazil’s entertainment industry is teeming with composers, producers, music lovers and even politicians who ride up the wave for political purposes. But since there was a disparity between Minas and Sao Paolo, the two opposing regions with different roots and culture, music was used to unify differences over racial and regional gap. But as McCann discovers the living culture and the progress of Brazil into becoming a developing nation he also took a keen observation on the form of government ran by Getulio Vargas. From 1930 to 1954, the presidency has been advocated on and off by Getulio Vargas for which as some historians say has created a chain of uneventful events not only in Brazil but to the international scene as well. McCann relevantly categorized Getulio Vargas as the president with an unfamiliar way of rules not only in the world of politics but his way of influencing people as well. Vargas was loved by his nation not only because he has made Brazil the musical symbol of Latin America but he also imbibed a great authority on the country’s political and economic standard. He adopted and introduced different social, cultural and technological alternatives that were categorically from Western influence but this method, however, became unpopular especially to the socialist groups. Vargas became known for his goal in unifying Brazil to heal the long-standing class and regional differences between Sao Paolo and Minas. He tried to reconstruct Brazil’s political theme by removing regionalism and inject nationalism but his objectives have became so large that he ruled out the differences of ethnicity and class and at the same time introduced American influence into the culture starting with the music. However as the music progresses, Brazilian musicians and fans started to justify their musical preference with political color. This innovation has affected the purity of music into the realm of opinionated culture and nevertheless turned the foundation of music again into a tool of political segregation. And so the Brazilian and American influenced music industry although has founded solid grounds during the 1930s to 1940s has suddenly became fragmented in the 1950s (Bryann McCann). Getulio Vargas was born at Rio Grande do Sul in 1883. His family belongs to a wealthy clan who are politically strong which gave him the interest and advantage to assume a political career in his younger years. He became a congressman in 1926 through the Legislature in Rio de Janeiro and then appointed by President Washington Pereira as the Finance Minister of Brazil. Vargas has served his appointment well but in 1928 he decided to run for governorship against the political party of Pereira and incidentally won. After two years of being a governor, Vargas was selected by the party Alianca Liberal (Liberal Alliance) to run for president. But Pereira who is still the current president does not want to release his position to another party represented by a politician from the state of Minas. The â€Å"Golden Rule of Brazilian Politics† during that period is that it is required that there will be alternating president from among the state of Sao Paulo and the state of Minas. Since Pereira is from Sao Paulo, he quickly appointed Julio Prestes to be the upcoming president and asked the support of the people from Sao Paulo. This instigates a rebellion starting from the Southern Brazil but incidentally Prestes still won the presidency. Vargas publicly stated that he accepted his fate but then he clandestinely plotted to topple the administration of Prestes. A coup ensued and in three weeks, Getulio Vargas became by force the Provisional President of Brazil in 1930. Vargas’ ideals were of a capitalist and a corporatist and hates socialism. He focused on solidifying the powers of the federal government rather than providing strength and protection for the local and state government. Even in his first term in his office Vargas introduced a new constitution and people see it as a manipulation of the constitution to strengthen his hold. This is his means in achieving a long term project to turn Brazil into a strong nation with a strong economy much like the Western nation he is very fond of. When the people began to feel uncomfortable with his administration Vargas felt he has to do something to continue his ruling and prove himself again otherwise. When his original term was due to end in 1937, he staged another coup at the very last minute and declared that he is placing a new economic system the â€Å"Estado Novo† or the New State. The Estado Novo was a corporatist state based on the same principles used by Antonio Salazar of Portugal. This new state allowed for Vargas to become President again because basically Estado Novo is founded by the support from large labor sectors in the government. He again snatched another term that will serve him until 1943. However, as 1943 came around he stated that, due to the crisis situation brought about by the eruption of World War II, he would remain in office and that a new election would be held as soon as the war ended. He made a similar announcement in 1944 in the middle of the war. When the war ended, however, it seemed he had no option but to allow for elections to continue. Brazilian election laws of that time required any government official to resign one year prior to elections if they wished to be eligible for the following elections. But Vargas did not want to resign nor showed any intention of doing so. During this period the people of Brazil want him out of the palace and branded him as a dictator. The military became upset and tell him he needs to resign because he is not eligible to run. Vargas was outraged and said if they wanted him to be out of the presidential palace then they have to remove him physically but assured the military he would fight them with his own men. The military officials want no bloodshed and so their only option was to cut off of the electricity and the water supply to force him out. Although he challenged them to attack so that, as he said, his blood would symbolize his protest against the violence they are imposing on him the military did not hurt him. Finally he left the palace with a belief that he has served his country well. But Vargas has a heart of concrete determination and the appetite for power. In his years of being out of the palace he became a senator and a congressman thanks to his political party who is always in support for his candidacy. He became the Senator for the state of Rio Grande do Sul but although he is still active as a politician for four years he said he prefers being a private person. Then suddenly Vargas re-emerged as a member of the Brazilian Labor party which encouraged him to run for president again. In 1951, Vargas re-assumed his third term as the President of Brazil. However, the Brazilian economy was in shambles and there is an increasing opposition against his ruling. The country’s inflation cannot able to cope up with the cost of living which made Vargas powerless in the middle of this crisis. His health began to fade and attacks of depression and insomnia became frequent. The worst thing, however, was that the United States which he thought was his ally have became less concerned with Brazil and do not want to fulfill its promise of economic assistance. His ever increasing critics became more direct in hitting his administration until his chief bodyguard was implicated in an attempted killing of Vargas’s infamous critics. Corruptions of his government were exposed and the military leaders again called for his resignation but he did not resign. On the morning of August 24, 1954, a large crowd gathered in his palace shouting for his resignation. Then the military officials gave him an ultimatum of forcing him out. Pressured and officiated as the great dictator he went to his room, sat down and wrote a note to his people and then committed suicide. He wrote all his frustrations against those who criticize him the military and the opposition who continued to ask for his blood. He said they have insulted him and was not given the right to defend himself and has silenced his voice. He listed all the accomplishments he had done for Brazil such as liberating the people by means of social freedom, revised the wages in favor of the poor, guided the economy to prevent the effect of economic meltdown, and bring peace to warring factions by means of unification of the two states. He dramatically ended his note and added that now that he was condemned, he has to leave the people defenseless from an institution he has always protected but now exploited. When the note was read on the radio and aired on television, the audience suddenly felt his frustrations and despair. They began chanting his name and want him back. In the history of Brazil’s regime, Vargas became known by many to be the â€Å"Father of the Poor†. However, most people see him as an egomaniacal dictator. While he was seen as an idealist and a principled leader by captivating the hearts of the poor, his means in achieving a long lasting success for Brazil is nonetheless ostracized because of many shortcomings. First, he formed alliances with rich foreign countries in building a corporatist and a capitalist government so that he can control the economy and trash out socialism. In effect this did not materialize but socialism succeeded after he died. Second, those who oppose and criticize his dictatorial administration were imprisoned to contain them. Lastly his greed for power is endless and invalidated the laws by creating selfish deeds against the government just to hold on to power. Getulio Vargas ruled Brazil for almost 20 years. Unfortunately, most people claimed that his dictatorial leadership virtually destroyed Brazil’s constitutional government because of his greed for power and corruption. His means on making Brazil a great country was not successful for he has manipulated not only the constitution but fooled the people by denying them their own sovereign power to vote the person they want. Once in power he became an authoritarian and a corporatist which somehow destroyed the state controlled labor sectors. But as McCann said Vargas has at least earned a reputation of a good leader by those who he handed help. This is the part when he was successful with his leadership. In his long years of leadership, he once hailed a hero by the people of Brazil, Vargas became successful in some aspects for he has instituted social programs for the poor and created a bill that would allow women to vote. He gave freedom to women and encouraged them to become part of the labor forces of Brazil. He revitalized the military and for a time he enlivened the economy while improving the relationship of Brazil to other countries. Although many observers say Vargas was more prominent on the national than the local level, his relationship with the Western world signifies his intention in turning Brazil into an industrialized nation. Unfortunately his dreams did not completely materialize until he took his own life thinking he was a good president and had served his people well (Bryan McCann). Works Cited: McCann, Bryan. Hello, Hello Brazil: Popular Music in the Making of Modern Brazil Duke University Press, 2004. McCann, Bryann. Hello, Hello Brazil: Popular Music in the Making of Modern Brazil. Estudios Interdisciplinarios de AmA ©rica Latina y el Caribe (2004). August 4, 2009 http://www1. tau. ac. il/eial/index2. php? option=com_contentdo_pdf=1id=100.

Ethical Hacking And Attacking Computer Science Essay

Ethical Hacking And Attacking Computer Science Essay It is debatable, if hacking can be ethical or not, the term Hacking over time has been associated with destructive activity. These are some of the terms used in the context of hacking which provides better clarity, Hacker is somebody who enjoys learning hacking for a defensive purpose; an ethical hacker is the security professional who exercises his skills for a defensive purpose. The term Cracker refers to a person who uses his hacking skills for destructive purpose. The ethical question here is in regard to the physical activity of hacking which is sometimes hard to differentiate from cracking. The main difference being, Ethical hacker just identifies vulnerabilities and does not exploit them unlike a cracker. Ethical hacking is the process adopted by ethical hackers to discover the vulnerabilities existing in information systems operating environments. With the growth of internet, computer security has become a major concern for business. Organizations need ethical hackers who can think like a cracker to simulate a real life hacking scenario; they make use of same tools and techniques of that of crackers without damaging / compromising the sensitive information thereby maintaining the integrity and confidentiality of the organization. Ethical hacker should have excellent programming and networking skills. They evaluate the security of target and update the organization regarding the discovered vulnerabilities along with recommendations to mitigate them. Anatomy of a Hack Initially, Hacking meant having extraordinary skills to break into the system. However today there are lots of automated freeware tools available on internet making it possible for anybody having the desire to hack succeed in breaking into the system. These are the 5 phases every hacker must know. Figure 1: Anatomy of an Attack Reconnaissance Reconnaissance is the preparatory phase where an attacker gathers information about the target system prior to launching the attack. This phase might also involve network scanning either internal or external without any authorization. One of the ways for gathering information during this phase may involve Social engineering. A social engineer is a person who smooth-talks and persuades people to reveal personal / sensitive information such as passwords, security policies etc. Social engineering is one of the easiest ways to hack as it requires no technical skills and one of the hardest forms of attack to defend against as humans are the weakest link in the security chain. All security measures taken care by the organization goes in vain when the employees get social engineered. Detecting social engineering attacks are difficult, as there is no tool to detect such attempts, in most of the cases victim themselves are not aware having revealed sensitive information. Rebecca and Jessica are the common terms used, which refer to people who are easy target for social engineering attacks such as a receptionist or a support executive. Dumpster diving is another way of gathering information. It is the process of looking for discarded sensitive information in an organization thrash. It is one of the effective ways of gathering information as it may provide attackers with even more sensitive information such as username, password, ATM slip, social security number, Bank statements. It is important that an organization has appropriate policies in place to protect their assets and also provide proper guidance to employees on the same. Reconnaissance technique can be classified into active and passive reconnaissance. In passive reconnaissance, the attacker does not interact with the system directly but uses social engineering or dumpster diving as a mean to gather information. Where as in a active reconnaissance, the attacker makes use of tools for port scanning, network scanning to get the details of the application, operating system etc. Often reconnaissance phase overlaps with the scanning phase. Scanning Scanning precedes the actual attack and is one of the important phase of information gathering where in the attacker gathers information about the targets IP address , operating system , system architecture , services running in the system in order to find various ways to intrude into targets system. The strategy to launch the attack is based on the gathered information. The risk of an organization is considered high in the scanning phase as it enables access to the network. Different types of scanning are Port Scanning: Procedure for identifying the open ports and the services running on the target system. Network Scanning -Procedure for identifying IP addresses, active hosts on a network either to attack them or as a network security assessment. Vulnerability Scanning -Automates method to identify the known vulnerabilities present in the system and the network. Some of the important tools used during this phase are Nmap which is used for port scanning; it also offers a variety of advanced features such as remote OS detection. Nessus is a vulnerability scanner which detects the local flaws, uninstalled patches and weakness in network hosts. Nessus has a security vulnerability database which is updated on a daily basis. It carries out development of security checks for recent security holes. CEH scanning methodology The diagram below shows the sequence of steps followed in order to scan any network although scanning method may differ based on the objective of the attack. The Attacker starts with checking for the live systems in the network. Once he finds the live system, looks for any open port present in the system to identify the services running on it. The next phase is OS fingerprinting which is nothing but gathering operating system information about the target system. Post which the attacker scans for vulnerabilities present in the target operating system and exploit it. The attacker may also choose to probe the network by making use of proxies. Figure 2: CEH Scanning Methodology Gaining Access This is one of the most important phases for an attack as this is where the actual attack is planted. Therefore the business risk is highest in this phase. Although not a mandatory phase as an attacker need not always gain access to cause damage like in denial of service attacks. The main aim in this phase is to obtain elevated privileges such as system privilege to execute commands to access sensitive information. Maintaining Access Once the attacker gains access into the system or the network, he tries to retain his ownership on the compromised system and periodically attack it. Typically in this phase the attacker tries to install Key loggers to capture the keyboard strokes, sniffers to capture network traffic, rootkits at the kernel level to gain super user access and Trojan horse to gain repeated backdoor access, also download the password files to access the system at a later time. Once the Trojans are in place, the attacker can assume to have gained total control of the system. During this phase the attackers might even harden the system against other attackers by fixing the vulnerability which allowed them to access the system or the network. Clearing Tracks This is where the attacker tries to cover the evidence of his activities for various reasons like maintaining access or legal actions. During this phase the attacker deletes the system logs preventing the system administrator from monitoring the unusual activity, Rootkits are installed as they are effective in covering tracks and also because in some cases they disable logging. Other techniques like Steganography which is used to hide the data in a image or a file, are made used by the attacker in order to cover tracks Typical Hacking Techniques There are several ways an attacker can gain access into the system such as Operating system attacks Application Level attacks Shrink wrap code error Misconfiguration attacks Google Hacking Google Hacking is the art of creating complex search queries in order to gather information of the target system. Google is the primary tool used for Google hacking. Advanced Google operators are used to filter information. Google hacking database identifies files containing password, sensitive directories, vulnerable web pages, error messages containing sensitive information, pages containing firewall logs etc Figure 3: Google advanced search option Basics of Google Hacking Below are some of the basic ways Google is used for hacking Directory Listing Attack: Webpage often accidentally displays files and directories that exist on the web server when top level index file is missing or invalid as directory listing is not taken care of. Most of the times they do not prevent users from downloading files or accessing sensitive information without authorization. Locating directory listing in Google is very straight forward. A query of Intitle: Index.of is the universal search for directory listing Figure 4: Google hacking for Directory Listing An attacker can make use of this information to access sensitive information of the application. Information Disclosure Error messages can disclose a lot of sensitive information about the target like the operating system, network architecture, user information etc. A query of intitle: error fetched 4,070,000 results Figure 5: Google hacking for Information Disclosure Below is the error message displayed by an application. Figure 6: Error message displayed from Google hacking query The error message reveals sensitive information about the target system such as the application is built in asp.net, IIS 4.0, MYSQL database. An attacker can now launch attacks that are vulnerable to these technologies. Sensitive Information: Here are some of the Google search syntaxs to crawl for Sensitive information such as passwords filetype: xls inurl: password.xls -Looks for username and password in ms excel format. intitle: Index of master.passwd -index the master password page index of / backup- Looks for the index backup file on server) intitle: index.of passwd.bak Looks for the index backup password files. intitle: Index of pwd.db- Looks for database password files inurl: user.xls intext: password- Looks for url that save username and passwords in spread sheet files Site Digger, which explores Googles cache to look for susceptibilities ,errors, security loopholes on website and Gooscan which automates queries against Google search engine are some of the other tools used for Google hacking. Certified Ethical Hacker Certification Course (CEH) CEH is the professional certification provided by the international council E-Commerce consultants (EC-Council). Figure 6: CEH Process Apart from EC council, there are other certified hacking course taken by some well known Hackers like Ankit Fadia Certified Ethical Hacker (AFCEH) and also some other vendors like karROX Certified Ethical Hacker Course. Ethical Hacking Services As part of ethical hacking services, Penetration testing which is nothing but creating a real life hacking scenario and trying to break into the system is offered by various vendors. Different tools, technique and methodologies are used to gain entry into that application. The service offered could be either a black box testing (where only the application URL is given) or a grey box testing (where a dummy user account with least privilege is created for the pen testers).Penetration testing will be carried over by a team of dedicated ethical hackers. Some of the key benefits of penetration testing are Find security loopholes which cannot be found through functional testing. Identify business logic flaws which cannot be detected by Code Review. Real world simulation of hacking thereby revealing soft targets for possible attacks. Meet Regulatory Compliance like PCI, HIPAA, GLBA and ISO regulatory compliance. Reduction in web application development security flaws. Development of effective mitigation strategies based on your specific environment The Pen test report provides recommended remediations for the identified attack. Follows the industry standards for security such as OWASP TOP 10 and SANS 25. Commercial tools like Cenzic, Acunetix, and IBM Rational Appscan are some of the widely used tools for Pen Test. Social Engineering Testing is offered as complementary service by some vendors which tests the organizations human firewall by gaining access to an organization and its assets by tricking key personnel over communications medium such as telephone, email, chat, bulletin boards, etc. Acknowledgement Vikram 😛 Related Knowledge Briefs or References Have to check. Summary In recent times Web applications are the target of various forms of attacks. According to a Gartner report 70% of the security attacks are targeted on the web application. Competition is so high that enterprises cant ignore the risk associated with their vulnerable application. Loss incurred could vary from monetary losses to loss of credibility. In certain cases it could mean end of business. You cannot stop an attacker from hacking, the only thing you can do is make it harder to get in. Ethical hackers are the security professionals who use their hacking skills for defensive purpose. The process of ethical hacking would depend on, what is that organization is trying to protect, against whom and how much or resources the organization is ready to spend. The hacking tools are meant for research and educational purpose only and should not be used for destructive purpose. Your Name then enter a short two or three line biography, including your BU/practice and location. Was the information contained in this Knowledge Brief useful? We strive to improve our content by continuously refining it. You can discuss the document, or download the most recent version, from the details page of this Knowledge Brief. Your feedback is appreciated!

Research On Destination Image And Perceived Expectation Tourism Essay

Research On Destination Image And Perceived Expectation Tourism Essay INTRODUCTION Back ground Tourism can be define as the activities of people traveling from their resident country to another not more than one conservative year in charge for leisure, business, knowledge and other purpose. In the early period of time when tourism was introduce, it was only the rich and few educated ones that love adventure travel to explore the other country culture as a tourist, so tourism then is not popular and can not generate much money for a country but as time go on tourism started to come into limelight to the extent that it serve as a major sector of income to some country. Tourism is growing very fast nowadays in the world to the extent that the world group it as the second largest sector of economy that generate income for country in the world. According to (WTO) world tourism organization, the sector has become a competitive sector in the world among different country of the world. Tourism business has grown to some level that some developed and developing countries like Greece depend on tourism as source of income for their country. They depend solely on it to develop the economy, create employments, and reduce poverty line of the people. All country now designs their region, cities, and state to attract tourist and tourist investor to their destination in order to compete in the tourism industries. Apart from developing the economy of a country, tourism also give room for country culture to come into limelight. Tourists being major focus in destination have impact on the destination itself and the product in that destination. The tourists presence in that destination improved the awareness of the place image. Destination image, this has to do with the tourists perceptions of products from a particular country, on their perceptions of the countrys production and marketing strengths and weaknesses.(Roth Romeo, 1992). Tourists are meant to evaluate a destination and in this process different tourist come up with different information about that destination which is very important in improving or damaging the image of a destination. Tourist are bourn to infer about a destination image and their inference about the value of a destination serve as a quality indicator, the combination of the information or judgment lead to overall evaluation of the destination satisfaction which lead to customer loyalty(Manrai, 1998,p.594). Furthermore, any tourist destination that was able to gain the loyalty of tourist, the destination will be at the advantage because the tourist will result to recommending that destination to other. Successful tourism can increase the receipt of the tourist in a destination; it can also increase income, government revenue, and employment. Attracting tourist to revisit and recommend it for others is very important in the success of a destination. (Chen and Tsai,2007). Malaysia was successful in increasing the number of tourist over the year among which is Nigeria tourist are included with the recorded number by (WTO) world tourism organization which rake Malaysia 9th position with 23 .6m among the top ten most visited country in the world. These was based on the Malaysia success in gaining the loyalty of the tourist and good destination image they have with the tourist, that is why Malaysia was able to attain this goal. Looking at the figure some years back the number is not up to this but every year the figure keep increasing, this also apply to Nigerian tourist in Malaysia, 2009 Malaysia recorded over10,000 Nigeria tourists and ever year the number keeps increasing. The research is looking at these increase in number of Nigerian tourist which is likely related to the destination image of Malaysia that has influence on perceive expectation of the Nigerian tourist, evidence from Chen Tsai, 2007.Destination image have two major influence on tourist behavior, the first one is the power to influence destination choice decision making and the second one is the after decision making behavior of the tourist on the destination, experience, evaluation and satisfaction which lead to revisit and recommendation of the tourism destination. Good impression of the destination image brings about loyal tourist, recommendation and revisiting of the destination and it will positively develop the tourism sector. Thus, the positive experience the tourist have on the product, services, food, hotel, hospitality of the people and other will facilitate the revisit or recommendation of the destination. Word of mouth information help tremendously in developing the image of a destination because it could produce another tourist visit to that destination or revisit. In order words, word of mouth and recommendation by the first timer visit to a place is the most reliable source of information of a destination. However, there is no research that have look into image destination with perceive expectation, this research is going to address how destination image influence perceived expectation of Nigerian tourist and also test if destination image have influence on the increase of Nigeria tourists over the years. 1.2 Purpose of the study The aim of this proposed study is to identify the significant image formation and it impact on Nigerian tourists satisfaction. Find out the relationship between destination image Nigerian tourist perceived expectation, perceive quality, tourists satisfaction and tourist loyalty. Using structural equation model (SEM) by empirically viewing Nigeria education tourist in Malaysia (Students) in particular as the major respondent. 1.3 Problem statement of the study The existing literatures shows that tourism researchers have traditionally focused on issues that relate to the demand sides of the tourist motivations and few behavioral patterns mainly to discover the reasons that made tourists visit a particular destination (Chen and Tsai, 2007; Alcaniz et al., 2005). Looking at the imaginary image of tourists it calls for the need to empirically establish the actual travel experience of Nigerian tourists in Malaysia. This is sequel to various industry reports in Malaysia that have been consistently negatively painting Nigerian tourists on issues like scams, black money, kidnapping, money laundering etc (Romance scam, 2010; NOTE; (Ernest, 2009). Interestingly, despite these negative public images of Nigerian tourists in Malaysia, the country has continuously witnessed a sharp increase in Nigerian tourists to Malaysia (Sirat et al., 2010; Sirat, 2005). Image as a dynamic concept has been argued as an effective means of comparing and analyzing historical and contemporary issues in travel literature, particularly how changes in tourist visitations have positively or negatively impacted tourism development of a society (Turel and Serenko, 2006). Arguably, tourist researchers has discovered and emphasized that the unique image of any destination has been developed in recent times through the creative use of imagery (Andriotis et al., 2008; Meng et al., 2008; Bowen and Clarke, 2002). This is because tourism suppliers have been strategically using such imagery in differentiating their products and invoking existential desires in the minds of their current and potential visitors (Sirgy et al., 2010; Gil and Ritchie, 2008). (Hudman and Johnson1994) second edition geography of travel and tourism. Hence, the uniqueness and diversity of the tourism products in the modern economy practically demand that destinations should cater for a wider ar ray of tourist interests, by constantly repackaging their products and re-imaging their destination along tourist demand and behaviors (Chen and Tsai, 2007). Grounded in these areas of research is (Fornell et al1996). That have empirically tested and established perceived expectation, perceived quality and perceived value as the antecedents of customer satisfaction and customer complaints and customer loyalty as the consequences of customer satisfaction across industry. Similarly, Gil and Ritchie (2008), Chen and Tsai (2007) and Alcaniz et al (2005) have all separately emphasized that the ability of travel providers to efficiently match tourist perceptions with their own perceptions would lead to a more effective and productive consumer centric marketing and further confirms the relevance of image in providing the required authentic visitor experiences. Base on the practical and theoretical gaps mentioned above, this study aims to examine Nigerian tourists experiences, by relating the concepts of image with the authenticity of their visits. This study proposes to breach the theoretical gap as emphasized by Chen and Tsai (2007) that difference between imagery and experience could positively or negatively impact travelers satisfaction. 1.4 Research objectives This study will research on destination image and perceived expectation that lead to perceive quality, tourists satisfaction which resulted to customer loyalty. The research objective will be listed below; To study the destination image, and tourist satisfaction To study the tourist perceive expectation of the destination image which lead to tourist loyalty To look into the relationship between destination images, perceived expectation, perceive quality and satisfaction that help in gaining the tourist loyalty. To recommend and give suggestion on how to keep the success and improve the destination image for the tourist to keep being loyal to the destination. 1.5 Research questions This research is going to ask these questions What could be the perception of Nigerian tourist on Malaysia as a destination, satisfaction and loyalty of Nigerian tourist? What is the perceived expectation of Nigerian tourist on the destination image? What are the relationship between destination image, perceived expectation, perceive quality, satisfaction and customer loyalty? What are the suggestions needed to continually improve the tourist satisfaction on destination? 1.6 Scope and limitation of the research The focus of this research is limited to the tourism industry, where selected literatures, handbooks, travel books, geography of travel and tourism book, Asians statistic year book, and (WTO) world tourism organization report. Malaysia ministry of tourism staffs will be contacted to get report on Nigerian tourist in Malaysia, Nigerian students and staff of Nigerian immigration embassy will be investigated with a set of sampling technique to explore the reason why Nigerian number keeps increasing in Malaysia. The research was to study the pre-visit, during visiting, and post-visit perception and satisfaction of the Nigerian tourist on the destination site. According to Malaysia tourism ministry over 10,000 Nigerians are now in Malaysia, which means that the number of Nigerians tourist is increasing every year despite the bad name given to them, that means that with the level of hostility towards Nigerians tourists in Malaysia they are still satisfied or not. Therefore, the research will focus on how Malaysia tourism industry was able to satisfied and meet up with the expectation of Nigerians tourist that make them chose Malaysia as their destination why not other Asia country e.g., India. Sample respondent will be chosen among the student to answer the questionnaire. 1.7 Research procedure The research procedure is the process the research study will take to solve the research question and arrived at expected result. More so, some literature of the research will be collected and review with major emphasis on image formation, tourists satisfaction, perceive expectation and tourists loyalty. Questionnaire will be design base on the construct from the theory and according to the previous study.

Elizabeth Barrett Browning Essay -- Essays Papers

Elizabeth Barrett Browning Elizabeth Barrett Browning was born in 1806 in County Durham, England. She was the eldest of twelve children born to Edward Barrett Moulin Barrett and Mary Graham Clarke. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, or "Ba", grew up in her family’s estate Hope End, Henfordshire. They were part of the upper-middle class, owning a successful sugar trade. Elizabeth began writing at a very early age. When she was twelve her father had her first epic poem "The Battle of Marathon" privately printed (Radley 15). She referred to this work as "Pope’s Homer done over again, or rather undone" (28). Her diary at this time in her life offered glimpses into her perceptive and expressive writing style. Three years later she became continuously ill. A doctor diagnosed her with a "nervous disorder" and gave her opium to ease her mind. She became a habitual user of opium throughout her life (17). In 1825 she published her first poem called "The Rose and Zephyr". It was published in the November 19th issue of the "Literary Gazette". Two years later her father’s business took a turn for the worse. The family was forced to move out of the Hope End estate and to Sidmouth, Devonshire. During this period of financial trouble Elizabeth’s mother suddenly died. Elizabeth became her father’s close friend and confidant. He relied on Elizabeth a great deal. He forbade his daughter to marry because he relied on her so much. In the years following her mother’s passing, Elizabeth had more of her works published. "An Essay a Mind with Other Poems", translations of Aeschylus "Prometheus Bound...and Miscellaneous Poems", and The Seraphim and Other Poems were published. The Seraphim was the first work published by Elizabeth in her name. T... ... and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 1845-1846 (1969) Edited by Elvan Kintner, two volumes. Diary by E. B. B.: The Unpublished Diary of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 1831-1832 (1969) Edited by Philip Kelley and Ronald Hudson. Invisible Friends (1972) The Correspondence of Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Benjamin Robert Haydon, 1842-1845. Edited by Willard Bissell Pope. Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Letters to Mrs. David Ogilvy, 1849-1861 (1973) Edited by Peter N. Heydon and Philip Kelley. Anthology Prometheus Bound (1833) Translated from the Greek of Aeschylus (from the Academy of American Poets: http://www.poets.org/poets/poets.cfm?prmID=153) Useful Links The Victorian Web’s Elizabeth Barrett Browning Site: http://65.107.211.206/victorian/ebb/browningov.html Erin’s Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning Website: http://www.cswnet.com/~erin/browning.htm

Drinking Alcohol and Driving :: Exploratory Essays, Drunk Driving

Alcohol and Driving Imagine being in a bar with a few of your good friends. Everyone is drinking and having a good time. Your are going to leave and go home, but you friends won't let you because they know the dangers of driving after having a few drinks. Instead they ca ll a cab to give you a ride home. You would be extremely lucky to have such smart friends. Drunk driving is a very serious problem in our society today, but it is becomming socially unacceptable causing the numbers of alcohol related traffic fatalites t o decline considerably. Drunk driving can be very deadly. Yet many people drive while under the influence everyday. Drivers who are drunk are blamed for the loss of as many as twentyfive thousand lives in highway crashes each year and hundreds of thousands of severe injurys. It is thought that drunk drivers have a long history of doing this and many prior arrests. In addition, most of those killed are just innocent victims whose behavior did not contibute to their deaths. These last two statements are both false. On aver age a drunk driver that kills has never been involved in a alcohol related accident before and have no proir convictions for drunk driving. The part about the people killed are just innocent bistanders is overaggerated also. Most of the drunk drivers v ictims are the drivers themselves, their often passengers, and the drunken pedestrains and cyclists. Despite this drunk driving is still very dangerous. It is the leading cause of unintentional injury deaths in America today. In fact it is said that ab out 40 % of the population will be involved in a alcohol related crash during their life. Drunk driving is especially dangerous to young people, who seem to be more involved than others. Drunk driving is the number one cause of death among y oung people, accounting for 20% of all deaths from ages 15 to 20. Drunk driving is such a hard thing to overcome though. In our society alcolol is overwhelmingly accepted as a facilitator of sociable interaction, and the great majority of adults drink. But steps a re being taken and the numbers of deaths are declining. Alcohol-related traffic fatalities have been decreasing lately. As a proportion of all traffic fatalities it has been decreased since 1982. In fact since 1982 the number of alcohol releated traffic fatalities has decreased 30%, from 25,165 to 17,699, w hile alcohol-related traffic fatalitites, as a proportion of all traffic fatalities, decreased from 57% to 45%.

Hamlet’s Soliloquys

Throughout the play Hamlet there are soliloquys, these soliloquys enable the audience/reader to be able to know what the characters truly think and how they truly feel. Although many characters have their own soliloquys, Hamlet’s are the most informative and advance the plot the greatest. In Hamlet’s soliloquys we learn of events that speed his revenge, how he feels about his father’s death and his mother’s swift marriage to Hamlet’s uncle Claudius. Hamlet’s first soliloquy of the play reveals possibly the most about his character in one soliloquy. This soliloquy reveals that Hamlet longs for death by saying â€Å"O that this too too solid flesh would melt† (Shakespeare 14) but he cannot kill himself because it is a sin: â€Å"His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter. † (Shakespeare 14). Hamlet is considering suicide because he finds life and the world utterly tedious and foul, and overrun with â€Å"things rank and gross in nature† (Shakespeare 14). When Hamlet talks about his father he compares him to the sun god Hyperion and his uncle and new king Claudius to a satyr. Hyperion to a satyr† (Shakespeare 14). Hamlet recalls how lovingly his father cared for his mother â€Å"so loving to my mother† (Shakespeare 14), and how passionately she loved him â€Å"she would hang on him As if increase of appetite had grown† (Shakespeare 14). When Hamlet thinks of his mother marrying his despised uncle, Hamlet is disgusted at how soon they were married after his father’s death. Hamlets first soliloquy creates a dark atmosphere because he longs for death and condemns his mother’s marriage to his father’s brother. By truthfully revealing his innermost thoughts and emotions, Hamlet’s soliloquy advances the plot by showing the audience and reader how Hamlet feels about the current situation, his father’s death, his own life and mortality, and his mother’s marriage to Claudius. Hamlet’s second soliloquy follows the visit from the late King Hamlet’s ghost. Once the ghost leaves, Hamlet seems fully determined on revenge in contrast to the underlying theme of meditation and love while Hamlet was with the ghost. Once the ghost is gone, Hamlet has no thoughts of whether or not the Ghost is good or evil. Hamlet vows to remember the Ghost and its command to revenge. He makes it clear his feelings toward his mother â€Å"O most pernicious women! † (Shakespeare 32), and to his uncle â€Å"O villain, villain, smiling damned villain! † (Shakespeare 32). This soliloquy’s main focus is on Hamlet’s revenge of his father’s death. Looking at this soliloquy it looks like Hamlet will be swift in his revenge, but his road to revenge will be full of procrastination and over thinking. This soliloquy advances the plot by showing what will be the focus throughout the rest of the play. In Hamlet’s third soliloquy he contemplates how the first player can weep for Hecuba, a fictional character, when in reality Hecuba means nothing to the first player and Hecuba cares nothing for him. Hamlet thinks of what the Player would do if he had the motive that Hamlet has. This thought provokes Hamlet to scold himself for apparent cowardice and lack of action when he has real reasons to take them. From this he curses Claudius â€Å"Bloody, bawdy villain! Remorseless, treacherous, lecherous, kindless villain! † (Shakespeare 62). Hamlet listens to himself and mocks his emotional outburst â€Å"Why, what an ass am I! † (Shakespeare 62). Hamlet realizes that he must act in some way and sets his brain to work and thinks of something to do â€Å"About, my brains. Hum† (Shakespeare 62). He begins to shape a plan to test the Ghost’s story. Hamlet starts to question whether the Ghost is a good or evil spirit â€Å"The spirit that I have seen May be a devil, and the devil hath power† (Shakespeare 62). Hamlet’s plan becomes clear, the players will perform a play showing a murder similar to the way that Claudius murdered the King Hamlet, if when watching this murder Claudius reveals his guilt; it will prove that the Ghost has spoken truly â€Å"The play’s the thing Wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the king. † (Shakespeare 63). This soliloquy creates a conniving atmosphere as Hamlet plans to make Claudius reveal his guilt of murdering his brother, King Hamlet. This advances the plot by showing that Hamlet is capable of taking some action and shows the audience Hamlet’s plan to make Claudius show his emotions. This fourth soliloquy starts out with possibly the most popular Shakespeare quote in the world â€Å"To be, or not to be, that is the question:† (Shakespeare 66). By this Hamlet could be talking about his own personal dilemma, whether he should live, or commit suicide. Hamlet could also not be considering his own situation, but is asking a more general question: is life worth living? This questions the advantages and disadvantages of human existence, whether it is better to be unhappy, than to be at all. This soliloquy creates a dark atmosphere because of Hamlet’s questioning of suicide and if life in general is worth living. This soliloquy shows that Hamlet is still questioning life as he did earlier in the play in his first soliloquy. Just before Hamlet’s fifth soliloquy, Hamlet argues with Polonius and refuses to be treated like a musical instrument that can be made to say anything at someone else’s wish. In the soliloquy Hamlet uses the melodramatic stock imagery of a traditional Elizabethan revenger, â€Å"Now could I drink hot blood,† (Shakespeare 88). As Hamlet leaves to meet Gertrude, he vows to scold her, but not harm her, â€Å"I will speak daggers to her, but use none. † (Shakespeare 88). In Hamlet’s sixth soliloquy, he enters into the church where he finds Claudius praying. Hamlet draws his sword to kill Claudius but then holds back because he is praying. If Hamlet were to kill him while he was praying then Claudius’s soul would be sent to heaven. Hamlet then reflects on the fact that his father was killed at a moment when he was unprepared for heaven thus condemning him to suffering after death. Hamlet then decides to kill Claudius at a more sinful moment, and thus damn him to hell. Once again Hamlet has found an excuse to postpone killing Claudius. There is dramatic irony in Claudius’s final couplet. It reveals that Hamlet may have caught the conscience of the king, but that he was deceived by appearance. Claudius only looked as if he was praying, his efforts to contact god were unsuccessful: â€Å"My words fly up, my thoughts remain below. Words without thoughts never to heaven go. † (Shakespeare 91). This soliloquy creates a dark atmosphere even though it is in a church because Hamlet wants to make sure that he not only kills Claudius but that he suffers eternally. This soliloquy shows that Hamlet is not a hard-hearted traditional revenger and continually finds reasons to delay killing Claudius. Before Hamlet’s seventh and final soliloquy, Hamlet speaks with a captain in the Norwegian army. The captain tells Hamlet that the army is passing through Denmark on its way to fight for a tiny unprofitable part of Poland. Hamlet reflects on the sickness of an apparently healthy society â€Å"This is th’impostume of much wealth and peace. † (Shakespeare 110) in which thousands will die in battle over such a â€Å"straw† (Shakespeare 110). These thoughts prompt Hamlet’s last soliloquy in which he once again reproaches himself for delaying the revenge of his father’s murder. Hamlet then considers that everything he encounters prompts him to take revenge: â€Å"How all occasions do inform against me, And spur my dull revenge. † (Shakespeare 110). He reflects that god has given him human intelligence to use and that capacity for making moral decision making is what separates humans from animals: â€Å"Sith I have cause, and will, and strength, and means To do’t† (Shakespeare 110). The encounter with Fortinbras’ army spurs Hamlet to speed his revenge: â€Å"Oh from this time forth, My thoughts be bloody or be nothing worth. (Shakespeare 111). Throughout Hamlet’s soilioquys we have been given an inside look at his deepest thoughts, his views on life and death, and his view on military expeditions. Most importantly we learn that Hamlet is not a traditional Shakespearean avenger. His main character flaws, procrastination and overthinking, prevent him from accomplishing a speedy revenge.