Overview Of Fractional Distillation Environmental Sciences Essay

Overview Of Fractional Distillation Environmental Sciences Essay Definition: A process by which components in a chemical mixture are separated according to their different boiling points. Vapours from a boiling solution are passed along a column. The temperature of the column gradually decreases along its length. Components with a higher boiling points condense on the column and return to the solutions; components with a lower boiling points pass through the column and are collected. Fractional distillation is used to separate mixtures of miscible liquids, such as ethanol and water. The process depends on the components of the mixture having different boiling points. The liquid is heated so that it turns into a gas. The vapours pass up a fractionating column where they are gradually cooled. As each of the components of the mixture cools to its boiling point, it turns back into a liquid. The different components of the mixture condense at different levels in the fractionating column and thus may be separated. Laboratory setup Fractional distillation in a laboratory makes use of common laboratory glassware and apparatuses, typically including a Bunsen burner a round-bottomed flask and a condenser as well as the single-purpose fractionating column. Apparatus Fractional distillation apparatus using a Liebig condenser. A conical flask is used as a receiving flask. Here the distillation head and fractionating column are combined in one piece. heat source, such as a hot plate with a bath, and ideally with a magnetic stirrer. distilling flask, typically a round-bottom flask receiving flask, often also a round-bottom flask fractionating column distillation head thermometer and adapter if needed condenser, such as a Liebig condenser, Graham condenser . vacuum adapter . Standard laboratory glassware with ground glass joints, e.g. quickfit apparatus. Discussion , Consider the distillation of a mixture of water and ethanol. Ethanol boils at 78.4  Ã‚ °C while water boils at 100  Ã‚ °C. So, by gently heating the mixture, the most volatile component will concentrate to a greater degree in the vapor leaving the liquid. Some mixtures form azeotropes, where the mixture boils at a lower temperature than either component. In this example, a mixture of 96% ethanol and 4% water boils at 78.2  °C, being more volatile than pure ethanol. For this reason, ethanol cannot be completely purified by direct fractional distillation of ethanol-water mixtures. The apparatus is assembled as in the diagram. (The diagram represents a batch apparatus, as opposed to a continuous apparatus.) The mixture is put into the round bottomed flask along with a few anti-bumping granules (or a Teflon coated magnetic stirrer bar if using magnetic stirring), and the fractionating column is fitted into the top. As the mixture boils, vapor rises up the column. The vapor condenses on the glass platforms, known as trays, inside the column, and runs back down into the liquid below, refluxing distillate. The column is heated from the bottom. The efficiency in terms of the amount of heating and time required to get fractionation can be improved by insulating the outside of the column in an insulator such as wool, aluminium foil or preferably a vacuum jacket. The hottest tray is at the bottom and the coolest is at the top. At steady state conditions, the vapor and liquid on each tray are at equilibrium. Only the most volatile of the vapors stays in gaseous form all the way to the top. The vapor at the top of the column, then passes into the condenser, which cools it down until it liquefies. The separation is more pure with the addition of more trays (to a practical limitation of heat, flow, etc.) The condensate that was initially very close to the azeotrope composition becomes gradually richer in water. The process continues until all the ethanol boils out of the mixture. This point can be recognized by the sharp rise in temperature shown on the thermometer. Typically the example above now only reflects the theoretical way fractionation works. Normal laboratory fractionation columns will be simple glass tubes (often vacuum jacketed, and sometimes internally silvered) filled with a packing, often small glass helices of 4 to 7 mm diameter. Such a column can be calibrated by the distillation of a known mixture system to quantify the column in terms of number of theoretical plates. To improve fractionation the apparatus is set up to return condensate to the column by the use of some sort of reflux splitter (reflux wire, gago, Magnetic swinging bucket, etc.) a typical careful fractionation would employ a reflux ratio of around 10:1 (10 parts returned condensate to 1 part condensate take off). In laboratory distillation, several types of condensers are commonly found. The Liebigcondenser is simply a straight tube within a water jacket , and is the simplest (and relatively least expensive) form of condenser. Industrial distillation Image 2: Typical industrial fractional distillation columns Distillation is the most common form of separation technology used in petroleum refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants , natural gas processing and cryogenic air separation plants. In most cases, the distillation is operated at a continuous steady state .New feed is always being added to the distillation column and products are always being removed. Unless the process is disturbed due to changes in feed, heat, ambient temperature, or condensing, the amount of feed being added and the amount of product being removed are normally equal. This is known as continuous, steady-state fractional distillation. Industrial distillation is typically performed in large, vertical cylindrical columns known as distillation or fractionation towers or distillation columns with diameters ranging from about 65 centimetres to 6 metres and heights ranging from about 6 metres to 60 metres or more. The distillation towers have liquid outlets at intervals up the column which allow for the withdrawal of different fractions or products having different boiling points or boiling ranges. By increasing the temperature of the product inside the columns, the different hydrocarbons are separated. The lightest products (those with the lowest boiling point) exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products (those with the highest boiling point) exit from the bottom of the column. For example, fractional distillation is used in oil refineries to separate crude oil into useful substances (or fractions) having different hydrocarbons of different boiling points. The crude oil fractions with higher boiling points: have more carbon atoms have higher molecular weights are more branched chain alkanes are darker in color are more viscous are more difficult to ignite and to burn Figure 1: Diagram of a typical industrial distillation tower Large-scale industrial towers use reflux to achieve a more complete separation of products. Reflux refers to the portion of the condensed overhead liquid product from a distillation or fractionation tower that is returned to the upper part of the tower as shown in the schematic diagram of a typical, large-scale industrial distillation tower. Inside the tower, the reflux liquid flowing downwards provides the cooling needed to condense the vapors flowing upwards, thereby increasing the effectiveness of the distillation tower. The more reflux is provided for a given number of theoretical plates, the better the towers separation of lower boiling materials from higher boiling materials. Alternatively, the more reflux provided for a given desired separation, the fewer theoretical plates are required. Figure 2. Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. The fractions at the top of the fractionating column have lower boiling points than the fractions at the bottom. The heavy bottom fractions are often cracked into lighter, more useful products. All of the fractions are processed further in other refining units. Fractional distillation is also used in air separation, producing liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen, and highly concentrated argon. Distillation of chlorosilanes also enable the production of high-purity silicon for use as a semiconductor. In industrial uses, sometimes a packing material is used in the column instead of trays, especially when low pressure drops across the column are required, as when operating under vacuum. This packing material can either be random dumped packing (1-3 wide) such as Raschig rings or structured sheet metal. Typical manufacturers are Koch, Sulzer and other companies. Liquids tend to wet the surface of the packing and the vapors pass across this wetted surface, where mass transfer takes place. Unlike conventional tray distillation in which every tray represents a separate point of vapor liquid equilibrium the vapor liquid equilibrium curve in a packed column is continuous. However, when modeling packed columns it is useful to compute a number of theroticalplates to denote the separation efficiency of the packed column with respect to more traditional trays. Differently shaped packings have different surface areas and void space between packings. Both of these factors affect packing perfor mance. Design of industrial distillation columns . Figure 3: Chemical engineering schematic of typical bubble-cap trays in a distillation tower Moreover, the efficiencies of the vapor-liquid contact devices (referred to as plates or trays) used in distillation columns, as seen in Figure 3, are typically lower than that of a theoretical 100% efficient equilibrium stage. Hence, a distillation column needs more plates than the number of theoretical vapor-liquid equilibrium stages. An indication of numbers: the separation of two compounds with relative volatility of 1.1 requires a minimum of 130 theoretical plates with a minimum reflux ratio of 20.. With a relative volatility of 4, the required number of theoretical plates decreased to 9 with a reflux ratio of 0.66. In another source, a boiling point difference of 30  °C requires 12 theoretical plates and, for a difference of 3  °C, the number of plates increased to 1000. The reflux ratio is the ratio of the amount of moles returned as refluxed liquid to the fractionating column and the amount of moles of final product, both per unit time. OTHER USES OF FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION: An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aromatic compounds extracted from plants. It may be produced by distillation, expression, or solvent extraction. Essential oils are used in perfumery, aromatherapy, cosmetics, incense,medicine, household cleaning products, and for flavoring food and drink. They are valuable commodities in the fragrance and food industries. Essential oil is also known as volatile oil and ethereal oil. It may also be referred to as oil ofthe raw plant mat 1 White spirit White spirit, also known as Stoddard solvent is a paraffin-derived clear, transparent liquid which is a common organic solvent used in painting and decorating. It is a mixture of saturated aliphatic and alicyclic C7 to C12 hydrocarbons with a maximum content of 25% of C7 to C12 alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons. White spirit is used as an extraction solvent, as a cleaning solvent, as a degreasing solvent and as a solvent in aersonal. paints, wood preservatives, lacquers, varnishes, and asphalt products. In western Europe :2-Propan-1-ol Propan-1-ol is a primary alcohol with the formula CH3CH2CH2OH. It is also known as 1-propanol, 1-propyl alcohol n-propyl alcohol, or simply propanol. It is used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry, and for resins and cellulose esters. It is formed naturally in small amounts during many fermentation processes. Propan-1-ol Chemical properties. 1-Propanol shows the normal reactions of a primary alcohol. Thus it can be converted to alkyl halide. 3-Acetone: In chemistry acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and beta-ketopropane) is the simplest representative of the ketones. Acetone is a colorless mobile flammable liquid with melting point at -95.4  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °C and boiling point at 56.53  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °C. It has a relative density of 0.819 (at 0  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °C). It is readily soluble in water, ethanol, ether, etc., and itself serves as an important solvent. The most familiar household use of acetone is as the active ingredient 4-Cashew The Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is a tree in the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae. The plant is native to northeastern Brazil, where it is called by its Portuguese name Caju (the fruit) or Cajueiro (the tree). It is now widely grown in tropical climates for its cashew nuts and cashew apples. Originally spread from Brazil by the Portuguese, the cashew tree today can be found in all regions with a sufficiently warm and humid climate. What appears on the tree to be the fruit of the cashew tree is an ov 5- Cracking chemistry In petroleum qeology and chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules (e.g. kerogens or heavy hydrocarbons) are converted to simpler molecules (e.g. light hydrocarbons) by the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in the precursors. The rate of cracking and the end products are strongly dependent on the temperature and presence of any catalysts. Cracking chemistry Applications. In an oil refinery cracking processes allow the production of lightproducts (such as LPG and gasoline) from 6 Perfume Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give the human body, objects, and living spaces a lasting and pleasant smell. The amount and type of solvent mix with the fragrance oil dictates whether a perfume is considered a perfume extract, Eau de parfum, Eau de toilette, or Eau de Cologne. Perfume Obtaining odorants. Before perfumes can be composed, the odorants used in various perfume compositions must first be obtained. Synthetic odorants are produce 7- Chemical oxygen demand In environmental chemistry, the chmical oxygen demand (COD) test is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds in water. Most applications of COD determine the amount of organic pollutants found in surface water (e.g. lakes and rivers), making COD a useful measure of water quality. It is expressed in millgrams per liter (mg/L), which indicates the mass of oxygen consumed per liter of solution. Older references may express the units as parts per million (ppm). Chemical oxygen demand Over 8- Nitrogen Nitrogen is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol N and atomic number 7. Commonly a colorless, odorless, tasteless and mostly inert diatomic non-metal gas, nitrogen constitutes 78 percent of Earths atmosphere and is a constituent of all living tissues. Nitrogen forms many important compounds such as amino acids ammonia nitric acid, and cyanides. Nitrogen Notable characteristics. Nitrogen is a non-metal, with an electronegativity of 3.0. It has five electron 9- Alkane Purification and use Alkanes are both important raw materials of the chemical industry and the most important fuels of the world economy. The starting materials for the processing are always natural gas and crude oil. The latter is separated in an oil refinery by fractional distillation and processed into many different products, for example gasoline. The different fractionsof crude oil have different boiling points and can be isolated and separated quite easily: within the individual fra , 10-Essential oil Production Main high-volume products turpentine; orange, lemon, mint and citronella are essential oils. Prior to the discovery of distillation, essential oils were extracted by pressing, and this is still the case in cultures such as Egypt. Traditional Egyptian practice involves pressing the plant material, and then burying it in unglazed ceramic vessels in the desert for a period of months to drive out water, the water having a smaller molecular size diffuses through the ceramic vessels while the larger essential oils do not. The lotus oil in Tutankhamuns tomb, which retained its scent after 3000 years sealed in al 11-Kerosene Distillation Kerosene is obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum at 150 °C and 275 °C [carbon chains from the C12 to C15 range). Typically, kerosene directly distilled from crude oil requires some treatment, either in a Merox unit or a hydrotreater, to reduce its sulfur content and its corrosiveness. Kerosene can also be produced by a hydrocracker, which is used to upgrade the parts of crude oil that w

China Managed Float

Their low cost productions have made China favorable for foreign company to produce goods for export. However, due to excessive buying and selling of US dollar, US is suffering from an increasing trade deficit. The manufacturing companies in US cannot compete with Chinese imports due to the relatively low product cost. Many of them become Jobless. The US government tried to persuade China into using a more flexible exchange rate policy to increase the Yuan currency. In year 2005, the china government finally bowed to the pressure and they have taken a more flexible exchange rate policy.The Yuan was allowed to move at a certain percentage each day against other currencies. The US government will place a higher tariff on Chinese imports if they are not depreciated further against the dollar. Question 1 Why do you think the Chinese government originally pegged the value of the Yuan against the U. S. dollar? What were the benefits of doing this for China? What were the costs? The Chinese government pegged the Yuan currency against the U. S to control the value of its currency. By doing so, China keeps its Yuan value lower than the U. S. alue. Furthermore, China originally pegged its Yuan value against U. S. s the U. S. dollar is considered as highly reliable financial instrument in the global market. In order for the country to become an export driven economy, the undervalued Yuan will attract more exports from foreign country. The china government also believed that a fixed and stable currency is crucial for the development and growth of the industry. There are many benefits China gained from holding its currency to foreign market. They gain competitive advantage with their low currency.As Yuan currency is undervalued by almost 40%, their exports will be less expensive making it favorable for the foreign company to invest. With this advantage, the profit seeking companies are attracted to invest in China as they have cheap labor and raw material. In addition, due to the government using managed float policy, the currency value is not affected by supply and demand of a given currency. Therefore, the country will not easily get affected with economic fluctuations as the government regularly buy or sell its currency to influence its short term exchange rate.This condition is ideal to encourage investment as it reduces fluctuations and risk. Fixed exchange rates enable firms to make decisions and plan ahead. All of these will help o boost china growth and development. There are disadvantages of using this strategy to both China and U. S. In order for china to maintain its currency as low as Due to excessive export, the country also may face the risk of natural resources depletion. Since China holds most of the global manufacturing, they might use up all the country natural resources in the long run. The U. S also faces a trade deficit as its imports are greater than exports.In addition, the trade deficit is also caused by large amount of U. S do llar being held by foreign nation. A greater trade deficit is unhealthy for the economy as it can lower the currency. Since production cost in China is cheaper, many local manufacturing companies in U. S suffer as it cannot match with the low price offered by china. This causes many U. S manufacturing companies to shut down or lay off workers to cover their expenses. Question 2 Over the last decade, many foreign firms have invested in China and used their Chinese factories to produce goods for exports.If the Yuan is allowed to float freely against the US dollar on the foreign exchange markets and appreciates in value, how might this affect the fortunes of those enterprises? If Yuan is allowed to float freely, the currency will appreciate. As the Yuan strengthens, the foreign firms that invested in china and used china as its manufacturing factory based will not gain any benefits on this. Most of the company invested in china because of its stable and relatively cheap currency in ord er to skim maximum revenues. China, which is favored by its low cost labor, will no longer be made possible if the Yuan currency increases.When the Yuan currency increases, the cost of material, labor and export will increase. Therefore, the production cost will be higher. The foreign company might not be able to sell its product at their usual price and it will affect the company profit margin. They might have to increase the price of the product in order to get the same profit. The increase in price of the product will not please the customers. It will cause a decrease in demand for china made product as they are known to produce goods at lower prices. The customer might shift its preferences with other cheaper substitute.This is not good for the company as it reduces sales and can affect their investment. Mattel for example, which is famous for its Barbie doll brand, outsources nearly 70% of its toy production from China. However, if the Yuan increases, it would result in an incr ease in the U. S dollar. Therefore, the profit margin for Mattel will fall as it has increase in product cost. However, the increase of Yuan currency also raises the Chinese standard of living. The Chinese gain more purchasing power and foreign company can direct its sales towards china market.The company can earn higher profit due to China large population as a substitute for the export market. The foreign company seeking for a lower product cost will have to shift its production to other low cost country in order to maintain its profit. Question 3 How might a decision to let the yuan float freely affect future foreign direct investment flows into China? By letting the Yuan float freely, China will become richer. Besides that, it could increase the foreign direct investment too. This will increase the Chinese economy and Chinese people's purchasing power.Foreign investor will take advantage of the growing China economy because of the higher buying power. Besides that, a freely floa ting Yuan would result to currency appreciation and significant decrease in the demand for Chinese exports. The people who make money of Yuan increased the value of their properties in China increased. If China were to abandon its peg, that could result in a slowdown in its exports. Question 4 Under what circumstances might a decision to let the yuan float freely destabilize the Chinese economy? What might the global implications of this be?A freely floating Yuan can increase the value of China's currency and lower the demand for export. Lower demand for export could mean lower Jobs available and thus higher unemployment. Higher unemployment can lead to domestic unrest and if not controlled to economic destabilization. The idea of keeping Yuan low in value on the global market is for other countries to buy China's exports. This will boost the China's economy. If China no longer provide for the world, all of the other countrys economies will suffer. If Yuan is allowed to float, China will see some of its manufacturing slow as companies lose the benefit of cheap Yuan exports.A stronger Yuan would give the Chinese more buying power, which might benefit foreign investors. If the raise of Chinese Yuan will push up inflation, China makes everything and not only supplies to US, but all over the world. Raise of Chinese Yuan means raising everyone's living cost in a chain Just as the cell phone wire that make in China gets more expensive, your phone cost more, the pizza store who uses phone a lot ncrease the fee of pizza. It will only give a big inflation to all of us (people lives in US. ). Now, people in US are more in demand of low-budget products.Question 5 Do you think the U. S. government should push the Chinese to let the yuan float freely? Why? Chinese legislature basically pegged the worth of the Yuan against the US dollar as an endeavour to rival the US and whatever is left of the world. US dollar was the strongest in the worldwide business. The profits for C hina were that their Yuan might stay week. Their fares might remain modest while their economy thrived on preparation for the US economy. The expenses for China were that they needed to trade for US dollars each month and that their trade was the US shortage.The US dollars development will influence the China's economy either way. The US legislature shouldn't prod the Chinese to let the Yuan float openly. Depending on if the Yuan float unreservedly, it was able to build regulate backing streams into China. An unlimited rushing Yuan makes China wealthier. This will support the Chinese economy and make the Chinese individuals' acquiring power higher. Due to, the higher getting power, different investors will look to profit from the developing Chinese economy (unique87, 2010). Question 6 What do you think the Chinese government should do?Let the yuan float, maintain the peg, or change the peg in some way? In 1996 Chinese money got convertible yet strict controls made it challenging to clandestine the Yuan to different coinage and between 1994 and 2005. To keep the Yuan from climbing against the dollar the midway bank purchases a large portion of the different money that streams into the nation from fares and outside transaction from the nation's business banks and trade them to Yuan. To avert the aforementioned finances from dropping in the oney related framework and fuelling swelling, the centremost bank issues treasury bills to money related foundations.In 1994, China cut the Yuan's worth by 30 for every penny and received a maintained buoy framework. In 1997, throughout the Asian fiscal emergency, the Yuan was pegged to the U. S. dollar. The conversion scale for the yuan was 7. 97 in 2006, 8. 19 in 2005, and 8. 27 in 2002, 2003 and 2004. Numerous exiles need to see the Yuan buoy, with the intention that it reflects its correct esteem and makes Chinese merchandise and labour more costly. They contend the flat Yuan gives Chinese endeavours a crooked point of int erest and akes it hard for makers in different nations†unable to match the level costs of Chinese imports†to contend.The U. S. Secretary of the Treasury has flown out to Beijing particularly to score concessions on this issue yet has Just been given bewildering guarantees that the Yuan will be permitted to buoy openly at a certain time sometime later. The quality of the Yuan is situated by the State Council not the mid bank. The Chinese legislature is agonized over authorizing the development of money crosswise over fringes, fuelling theory blast like the kind that accelerate Asian nvestment emergency in 1997.It additionally contends it ought to gets in banks in place before it can permit the Yuan to buoy; it ought to uphold development to balance work misfortunes in the state-claimed ventures; and coin soundness profits not Just China however each nation that exchanges with China. In April 2006, the Chinese administration issued regulations that made it simpler for Chin ese to contribute abroad and Chinese associations to purchase remote trade. The move was needed to create more surge of strange money and diminish upward force on the Yuan (Hays, 2012).

To Kill A Mockingbird Essay - 1219 Words

One person. Two worlds. Impacting the lives of others. Throughout To Kill A Mockingbird, the author Harper Lee, uses the main character, Scout, to demonstrate an idea that as you grow up, you gain greater understanding of the world. For this to be portrayed, Harper Lee brings in the character Calpurnia. Calpurnia is a black woman. A mother figure to Scout. The Finch’s maid and a person that exemplifies moral lessons and themes of the book. Scout views these moments to shape her â€Å"coming of age†. First, throughout the book a common theme was, respecting people s differences. As well as the idea that you are not better or worse than anyone. This is shown in many ways. One way is through Maycomb County’s social hierarchy. In their social†¦show more content†¦So she doesn’t respect the Cunninghams and doesn’t think of Walter as company. Calpurnia responds in dismay, â€Å"Hush your mouth! Don’t matter who they are, anybody sets foot in the house’s yo’ comp’ny, and don’t you let me catch you remarkin’ on their ways like you was so high and mighty!† (33). This shows Calpurnia is someone who treats everyone the same. Just because someone is a different race or has more economic status, does not determine how she will treat you. These quotes are an example of how Scout is learning to look beyond everyone s differences. Everyone has their faults and no one is higher and more powerful than anyone else in M aycomb County. Second, Scout and Jem going to church had a great impact on the book and how they view others. When they went to the First Purchase with Cal, Scout sees how the African American community helps each other. All of them came together to support Tom and his family. They also notice Calpurnia resides in two different worlds. This is expressed by Scout after she gets back from the church. â€Å"That Calpurnia led a modest double life never dawned on me. The idea that she had a separate existence outside our household was a novel one, to say nothing of her having command of two languages† (167). Calpurnia has the ‘white world’ and the ‘black world’. When she is with the Finch’s and part of Maycomb County, she is educated, a mother-figure,Show MoreRelatedTo Kill a Mockingbird Essay892 Words   |  4 PagesLindsey Congdon Mrs. Peterson Period 7 December 1, 2009 To Kill a Mockingbird Essay The Dictionary defines prejudice as, â€Å"an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason.† There has been prejudice known throughout history, mostly against the blacks during and before the time of Martin Luther King Jr. In The Secret Life of Bees by Sue Monk Kidd and To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee there is clear evidence of prejudice against the blacks. 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The setting forRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesLearning lessons is a very important part of growing up. Children learn new things every day of their life. Even adults learn something every once in a while. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, the character Scout is very adventurous and loves to learn; she has many experiences that lead to her being taught many different things about life. On page 12 of Cliff Notes for this novel, John Sova writes â€Å"each experience is designed to give Scout a further understanding about certain thingsRead MoreThe Mockingbirds in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay680 Words   |  3 Pagesstore To Kill a Mockingbird is the expression mockin g bird appears in the story lots of times. Also the most significant novel in this whole book is the mockingbird symbol. Another significant part of the story is the definition of a mockingbird and it is a type of Finch, it’s also a small bird who likes to sing. 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These laws followed the Southern societal ideas of the separation between races, but also demonstrated a division between a community where individuals held different moral ideas. To Kill a Mockingbird explores human morality from the perception of a six year old child, pro viding a different perspective on important issues of this time period. Scout’s understanding of morality develops from her once simple idea of an individual being either